A thorough reading of the symptoms of different respiratory diseases and the difference of medication
It’s winter.
High incidence of respiratory infectious diseases
But can you tell what kind of infection it is?
Collect it! This article answers your questions!
1. What are the clinical manifestations of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is mainly infected by respiratory tract, which can cause pneumonia, often accompanied by pharyngitis and bronchitis.
The onset of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is generally slow, and patients often have chills, fever and dry cough, which may be accompanied by symptoms such as stuffy nose, fatigue and headache. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection has certain self-limitation. In recent years, the proportion of refractory mycoplasma pneumonia and severe mycoplasma pneumonia has increased among school-age children.
2. What are the clinical manifestations of respiratory syncytial virus infection?
In the early stage of respiratory syncytial virus infection, the main symptoms are upper respiratory tract infection, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, cough and hoarseness, and most of the symptoms will disappear by themselves in 1-2 weeks.
A few cases can develop into lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchiolitis or pneumonia, which are more common in infants under 2 years old.
3. What are the clinical manifestations of adenovirus infection?
Adenovirus infection has various clinical manifestations, which can cause common cold, bronchitis and pneumonia, diarrhea and gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, cystitis and some nervous system inflammation.
People with chronic respiratory diseases, heart diseases or low immune function may have serious clinical symptoms after being infected with adenovirus.
4. What are the clinical manifestations of rhinovirus infection?
Rhinovirus infection can cause symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection such as nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, fever or cough, and can also lead to wheezing and asthma aggravation in children.
Infants or children with basic diseases infected with rhinovirus may cause lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The infection of rhinovirus in the elderly can increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the infection of hospitalized patients can lead to prolonged hospitalization.
5. What are the clinical manifestations of human metapneumovirus infection?
The incubation period of human metapneumovirus infection is 3~5 days, which often causes symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, such as fever, cough, nasal congestion, runny nose and hoarseness, which are slightly self-limited, and the symptoms gradually ease in about 1 week.
Children, the elderly and immunocompromised people may have bronchiolitis, pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome after infection.
6. What is the difference between the clinical manifestations of influenza, mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and common cold in children?
The clinical manifestations of influenza, mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and common cold in children are different, and the main differences are shown in the table below.
The clinical manifestations of respiratory tract infectious diseases are usually not specific, and there are individual differences among patients, so they can not be differentiated only by symptoms and signs, and usually need laboratory tests to diagnose.
7. What are the commonly used therapeutic drugs for respiratory tract infection pathogens in adults?
Recently, viruses and mycoplasma are the main pathogens causing respiratory tract infections. At present, there are mabaloxavir, oseltamivir and palamivir for influenza virus, nematevir/ritonavir, sennotvir/ritonavir, Monola vir and deuterium hydrobromide for Covid-19, and macrolides (such as azithromycin), fluoroquinolones (such as moxifloxacin and levofloxacin) and tetracyclines (such as doxycycline and levofloxacin) for mycoplasma.
Some infections caused by viruses or mycoplasma will be secondary to bacterial infections. At this time, it is necessary to use antibiotics reasonably under the guidance of doctors to avoid drug resistance. Commonly used antibiotics include penicillins (such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid), cephalosporins (such as cefaclor, cefuroxime and cefdinir), fluoroquinolones (such as moxifloxacin and levofloxacin) and macrolides (such as azithromycin). It is worth noting that the above drugs are all prescription drugs and need to be used under the guidance of a doctor.
If you are self-tested for influenza virus antigen or Covid-19 antigen, and have serious high-risk factors such as age over 65, body mass index (BMI) over 40kg/m, basic diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tumor, immune system diseases, etc.) or pregnancy, it is suggested to take orally anti-influenza drugs oseltamivir or mabaloxavir or oral anti-Covid-19 drugs within 48 hours of onset. If respiratory symptoms get worse, you should seek medical advice promptly.
8. What drugs are commonly used by children to treat pathogens of respiratory infections?
Children infected with influenza virus can take neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir, and children over 5 years old can also choose RNA polymerase inhibitors such as mabaloxavir.
After children are infected with mycoplasma pneumoniae, the first choice is macrolide drugs, such as azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin. The alternative drugs are new tetracyclines (such as doxycycline and minocycline) and quinolones. Tetracyclines are only used for children over 8 years old because they may cause yellowing of teeth and hypoplasia of enamel.
Children and adolescents under the age of 18 who use quinolones need doctors to strictly evaluate the indications and pay attention to the side effects of the drugs.
9. What are the precautions in diet during respiratory infection?
During the period of respiratory infection, on the one hand, due to fever, cough, fatigue and other conditions, the patient’s appetite decreased compared with usual; On the other hand, respiratory tract infection leads to the increase of energy consumption and the increase of energy demand.
Therefore, it is particularly important to supplement nutrition in a reasonable and balanced way and ensure the supply of energy. People with decreased digestive function can eat less and eat more to ensure adequate energy intake.
(1) Recommended food:
① Highly nutritious and digestible foods: such as lean meat, chicken, fish, tofu, etc. These foods are rich in protein, which helps to repair body tissues.
2 foods rich in vitamins: fresh fruits and vegetables, such as oranges, kiwis, carrots and spinach, are rich in vitamin C and other antioxidants, which helps to enhance immunity.
③ Whole grains and foods rich in cellulose, such as oats, whole wheat bread and brown rice, provide necessary energy and cellulose.
4 Adequate water: Ensure adequate water intake, such as drinking water, juice or soup, which helps to keep the body water balance and relieve sore throat.
(2) Foods that are not recommended or need to be controlled:
Oily and spicy foods, high-sugar foods, caffeinated drinks, etc.